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Journal Article by ASHRAE, 2015
Richard M. Kelso, Ph.D., P.E.; W. Stanley Johnson, Ph.D., P.E.
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A flooded, abandoned, underground zinc mine in Tennessee is used to provide the heating, ventilating and cooling at Samaritan House, a short-term shelter for families and single women. The building has a system of water-to-air heat pumps with its closed-loop piping lowered into the mine's water. Using the mine shaft as the "borehole" resulted in considerably lower initial costs than a conventional borefield and in a first-year annual energy use intensity of 27.5 kBtu/ft (312 kJ/m).
Citation: ASHRAE Journal, vol. 57, no. 8, August 2015